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How to Draw a Tree Data Type in Java

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Red-Black tree is a self-balancing binary search tree in which each node contains an extra bit for denoting the color of the node, either red or black.

A red-black tree satisfies the following properties:

  1. Red/Black Property: Every node is colored, either red or black.
  2. Root Property: The root is black.
  3. Leaf Property: Every leaf (NIL) is black.
  4. Red Property: If a red node has children then, the children are always black.
  5. Depth Property: For each node, any simple path from this node to any of its descendant leaf has the same black-depth (the number of black nodes).

An example of a red-black tree is:

red-black tree
Red Black Tree

Each node has the following attributes:

  • color
  • key
  • leftChild
  • rightChild
  • parent (except root node)

How the red-black tree maintains the property of self-balancing?

The red-black color is meant for balancing the tree.

The limitations put on the node colors ensure that any simple path from the root to a leaf is not more than twice as long as any other such path. It helps in maintaining the self-balancing property of the red-black tree.

Operations on a Red-Black Tree

Various operations that can be performed on a red-black tree are:

Rotating the subtrees in a Red-Black Tree

In rotation operation, the positions of the nodes of a subtree are interchanged.

Rotation operation is used for maintaining the properties of a red-black tree when they are violated by other operations such as insertion and deletion.

There are two types of rotations:

Left Rotate

In left-rotation, the arrangement of the nodes on the right is transformed into the arrangements on the left node.

Algorithm

  1. Let the initial tree be:
    left-rotate
    Initial tree
  2. If y has a left subtree, assign x as the parent of the left subtree of y.
    left-rotate
    Assign x as the parent of the left subtree of y
  3. If the parent of x is NULL, make y as the root of the tree.
  4. Else if x is the left child of p, make y as the left child of p.
  5. Else assign y as the right child of p.
    left-rotate
    Change the parent of x to that of y
  6. Make y as the parent of x.
    left-rotate
    Assign y as the parent of x.

Right Rotate

In right-rotation, the arrangement of the nodes on the left is transformed into the arrangements on the right node.

  1. Let the initial tree be:
    right-rotate
    Initial Tree
  2. If x has a right subtree, assign y as the parent of the right subtree of x.
    right-rotate
    Assign y as the parent of the right subtree of x
  3. If the parent of y is NULL, make x as the root of the tree.
  4. Else if y is the right child of its parent p, make x as the right child of p.
  5. Else assign x as the left child of p.
    right-rotate
    Assign the parent of y as the parent of x
  6. Make x as the parent of y.
    right-rotate
    Assign x as the parent of y

Left-Right and Right-Left Rotate

In left-right rotation, the arrangements are first shifted to the left and then to the right.

  1. Do left rotation on x-y.
    left-right rotate
    Left rotate x-y
  2. Do right rotation on y-z.
    left-right rotate
    Right rotate z-y

In right-left rotation, the arrangements are first shifted to the right and then to the left.

  1. Do right rotation on x-y.
    right-left rotate
    Right rotate x-y
  2. Do left rotation on z-y.
    right-left rotate
    Left rotate z-y

Inserting an element into a Red-Black Tree

While inserting a new node, the new node is always inserted as a RED node. After insertion of a new node, if the tree is violating the properties of the red-black tree then, we do the following operations.

  1. Recolor
  2. Rotation

Algorithm to insert a node

Following steps are followed for inserting a new element into a red-black tree:

  1. Let y be the leaf (ie. NIL) and x be the root of the tree.
  2. Check if the tree is empty (ie. whether x is NIL). If yes, insert newNode as a root node and color it black.
  3. Else, repeat steps following steps until leaf (NIL) is reached.
    1. Compare newKey with rootKey.
    2. If newKey is greater than rootKey, traverse through the right subtree.
    3. Else traverse through the left subtree.
  4. Assign the parent of the leaf as a parent of newNode.
  5. If leafKey is greater than newKey, make newNode as rightChild.
  6. Else, make newNode as leftChild.
  7. Assign NULL to the left and rightChild of newNode.
  8. Assign RED color to newNode.
  9. Call InsertFix-algorithm to maintain the property of red-black tree if violated.

Why newly inserted nodes are always red in a red-black tree?

This is because inserting a red node does not violate the depth property of a red-black tree.

If you attach a red node to a red node, then the rule is violated but it is easier to fix this problem than the problem introduced by violating the depth property.

Algorithm to maintain red-black property after insertion

This algorithm is used for maintaining the property of a red-black tree if the insertion of a newNode violates this property.

  1. Do the following while the parent of newNode p is RED.
  2. If p is the left child of grandParent gP of z, do the following.
    Case-I:
    1. If the color of the right child of gP of z is RED, set the color of both the children of gP as BLACK and the color of gP as RED.
    2. Assign gP to newNode.
      Case-II:
    3. Else if newNode is the right child of p then, assign p to newNode.
    4. Left-Rotate newNode.
      Case-III:
    5. Set color of p as BLACK and color of gP as RED.
    6. Right-Rotate gP.
  3. Else, do the following.
    1. If the color of the left child of gP of z is RED, set the color of both the children of gP as BLACK and the color of gP as RED.
    2. Assign gP to newNode.
    3. Else if newNode is the left child of p then, assign p to newNode and Right-Rotate newNode.
    4. Set color of p as BLACK and color of gP as RED.
    5. Left-Rotate gP.
  4. Set the root of the tree as BLACK.

Deleting an element from a Red-Black Tree

This operation removes a node from the tree. After deleting a node, the red-black property is maintained again.

Algorithm to delete a node

  1. Save the color of nodeToBeDeleted in origrinalColor.
  2. If the left child of nodeToBeDeleted is NULL
    1. Assign the right child of nodeToBeDeleted to x.
    2. Transplant nodeToBeDeleted with x.
  3. Else if the right child of nodeToBeDeleted is NULL
    1. Assign the left child of nodeToBeDeleted into x.
    2. Transplant nodeToBeDeleted with x.
  4. Else
    1. Assign the minimum of right subtree of noteToBeDeleted into y.
    2. Save the color of y in originalColor.
    3. Assign the rightChild of y into x.
    4. If y is a child of nodeToBeDeleted, then set the parent of x as y.
    5. Else, transplant y with rightChild of y.
    6. Transplant nodeToBeDeleted with y.
    7. Set the color of y with originalColor.
  5. If the originalColor is BLACK, call DeleteFix(x).

Algorithm to maintain Red-Black property after deletion

This algorithm is implemented when a black node is deleted because it violates the black depth property of the red-black tree.

This violation is corrected by assuming that node x (which is occupying y's original position) has an extra black. This makes node x neither red nor black. It is either doubly black or black-and-red. This violates the red-black properties.

However, the color attribute of x is not changed rather the extra black is represented in x's pointing to the node.

The extra black can be removed if

  1. It reaches the root node.
  2. If x points to a red-black node. In this case, x is colored black.
  3. Suitable rotations and recoloring are performed.

The following algorithm retains the properties of a red-black tree.

  1. Do the following until the x is not the root of the tree and the color of x is BLACK
  2. If x is the left child of its parent then,
    1. Assign w to the sibling of x.
    2. If the right child of parent of x is RED,
      Case-I:
      1. Set the color of the right child of the parent of x as BLACK.
      2. Set the color of the parent of x as RED.
      3. Left-Rotate the parent of x.
      4. Assign the rightChild of the parent of x to w.
    3. If the color of both the right and the leftChild of w is BLACK,
      Case-II:
      1. Set the color of w as RED
      2. Assign the parent of x to x.
    4. Else if the color of the rightChild of w is BLACK
      Case-III:
      1. Set the color of the leftChild of w as BLACK
      2. Set the color of w as RED
      3. Right-Rotate w.
      4. Assign the rightChild of the parent of x to w.
    5. If any of the above cases do not occur, then do the following.
      Case-IV:
      1. Set the color of w as the color of the parent of x.
      2. Set the color of the parent of x as BLACK.
      3. Set the color of the right child of w as BLACK.
      4. Left-Rotate the parent of x.
      5. Set x as the root of the tree.
  3. Else the same as above with right changed to left and vice versa.
  4. Set the color of x as BLACK.

Please refer to insertion and deletion operations for more explanation with examples.

Python, Java and C/C++ Examples

              # Implementing Red-Black Tree in Python   import sys   # Node creation class Node():     def __init__(self, item):         self.item = item         self.parent = None         self.left = None         self.right = None         self.color = 1   class RedBlackTree():     def __init__(self):         self.TNULL = Node(0)         self.TNULL.color = 0         self.TNULL.left = None         self.TNULL.right = None         self.root = self.TNULL      # Preorder     def pre_order_helper(self, node):         if node != TNULL:             sys.stdout.write(node.item + " ")             self.pre_order_helper(node.left)             self.pre_order_helper(node.right)      # Inorder     def in_order_helper(self, node):         if node != TNULL:             self.in_order_helper(node.left)             sys.stdout.write(node.item + " ")             self.in_order_helper(node.right)      # Postorder     def post_order_helper(self, node):         if node != TNULL:             self.post_order_helper(node.left)             self.post_order_helper(node.right)             sys.stdout.write(node.item + " ")      # Search the tree     def search_tree_helper(self, node, key):         if node == TNULL or key == node.item:             return node          if key < node.item:             return self.search_tree_helper(node.left, key)         return self.search_tree_helper(node.right, key)      # Balancing the tree after deletion     def delete_fix(self, x):         while x != self.root and x.color == 0:             if x == x.parent.left:                 s = x.parent.right                 if s.color == 1:                     s.color = 0                     x.parent.color = 1                     self.left_rotate(x.parent)                     s = x.parent.right                  if s.left.color == 0 and s.right.color == 0:                     s.color = 1                     x = x.parent                 else:                     if s.right.color == 0:                         s.left.color = 0                         s.color = 1                         self.right_rotate(s)                         s = x.parent.right                      s.color = x.parent.color                     x.parent.color = 0                     s.right.color = 0                     self.left_rotate(x.parent)                     x = self.root             else:                 s = x.parent.left                 if s.color == 1:                     s.color = 0                     x.parent.color = 1                     self.right_rotate(x.parent)                     s = x.parent.left                  if s.right.color == 0 and s.right.color == 0:                     s.color = 1                     x = x.parent                 else:                     if s.left.color == 0:                         s.right.color = 0                         s.color = 1                         self.left_rotate(s)                         s = x.parent.left                      s.color = x.parent.color                     x.parent.color = 0                     s.left.color = 0                     self.right_rotate(x.parent)                     x = self.root         x.color = 0      def __rb_transplant(self, u, v):         if u.parent == None:             self.root = v         elif u == u.parent.left:             u.parent.left = v         else:             u.parent.right = v         v.parent = u.parent      # Node deletion     def delete_node_helper(self, node, key):         z = self.TNULL         while node != self.TNULL:             if node.item == key:                 z = node              if node.item <= key:                 node = node.right             else:                 node = node.left          if z == self.TNULL:             print("Cannot find key in the tree")             return          y = z         y_original_color = y.color         if z.left == self.TNULL:             x = z.right             self.__rb_transplant(z, z.right)         elif (z.right == self.TNULL):             x = z.left             self.__rb_transplant(z, z.left)         else:             y = self.minimum(z.right)             y_original_color = y.color             x = y.right             if y.parent == z:                 x.parent = y             else:                 self.__rb_transplant(y, y.right)                 y.right = z.right                 y.right.parent = y              self.__rb_transplant(z, y)             y.left = z.left             y.left.parent = y             y.color = z.color         if y_original_color == 0:             self.delete_fix(x)      # Balance the tree after insertion     def fix_insert(self, k):         while k.parent.color == 1:             if k.parent == k.parent.parent.right:                 u = k.parent.parent.left                 if u.color == 1:                     u.color = 0                     k.parent.color = 0                     k.parent.parent.color = 1                     k = k.parent.parent                 else:                     if k == k.parent.left:                         k = k.parent                         self.right_rotate(k)                     k.parent.color = 0                     k.parent.parent.color = 1                     self.left_rotate(k.parent.parent)             else:                 u = k.parent.parent.right                  if u.color == 1:                     u.color = 0                     k.parent.color = 0                     k.parent.parent.color = 1                     k = k.parent.parent                 else:                     if k == k.parent.right:                         k = k.parent                         self.left_rotate(k)                     k.parent.color = 0                     k.parent.parent.color = 1                     self.right_rotate(k.parent.parent)             if k == self.root:                 break         self.root.color = 0      # Printing the tree     def __print_helper(self, node, indent, last):         if node != self.TNULL:             sys.stdout.write(indent)             if last:                 sys.stdout.write("R----")                 indent += "     "             else:                 sys.stdout.write("L----")                 indent += "|    "              s_color = "RED" if node.color == 1 else "BLACK"             print(str(node.item) + "(" + s_color + ")")             self.__print_helper(node.left, indent, False)             self.__print_helper(node.right, indent, True)      def preorder(self):         self.pre_order_helper(self.root)      def inorder(self):         self.in_order_helper(self.root)      def postorder(self):         self.post_order_helper(self.root)      def searchTree(self, k):         return self.search_tree_helper(self.root, k)      def minimum(self, node):         while node.left != self.TNULL:             node = node.left         return node      def maximum(self, node):         while node.right != self.TNULL:             node = node.right         return node      def successor(self, x):         if x.right != self.TNULL:             return self.minimum(x.right)          y = x.parent         while y != self.TNULL and x == y.right:             x = y             y = y.parent         return y      def predecessor(self,  x):         if (x.left != self.TNULL):             return self.maximum(x.left)          y = x.parent         while y != self.TNULL and x == y.left:             x = y             y = y.parent          return y      def left_rotate(self, x):         y = x.right         x.right = y.left         if y.left != self.TNULL:             y.left.parent = x          y.parent = x.parent         if x.parent == None:             self.root = y         elif x == x.parent.left:             x.parent.left = y         else:             x.parent.right = y         y.left = x         x.parent = y      def right_rotate(self, x):         y = x.left         x.left = y.right         if y.right != self.TNULL:             y.right.parent = x          y.parent = x.parent         if x.parent == None:             self.root = y         elif x == x.parent.right:             x.parent.right = y         else:             x.parent.left = y         y.right = x         x.parent = y      def insert(self, key):         node = Node(key)         node.parent = None         node.item = key         node.left = self.TNULL         node.right = self.TNULL         node.color = 1          y = None         x = self.root          while x != self.TNULL:             y = x             if node.item < x.item:                 x = x.left             else:                 x = x.right          node.parent = y         if y == None:             self.root = node         elif node.item < y.item:             y.left = node         else:             y.right = node          if node.parent == None:             node.color = 0             return          if node.parent.parent == None:             return          self.fix_insert(node)      def get_root(self):         return self.root      def delete_node(self, item):         self.delete_node_helper(self.root, item)      def print_tree(self):         self.__print_helper(self.root, "", True)   if __name__ == "__main__":     bst = RedBlackTree()      bst.insert(55)     bst.insert(40)     bst.insert(65)     bst.insert(60)     bst.insert(75)     bst.insert(57)      bst.print_tree()      print("\nAfter deleting an element")     bst.delete_node(40)     bst.print_tree()                          
              // Implementing Red-Black Tree in Java  class Node {   int data;   Node parent;   Node left;   Node right;   int color; }  public class RedBlackTree {   private Node root;   private Node TNULL;    // Preorder   private void preOrderHelper(Node node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       System.out.print(node.data + " ");       preOrderHelper(node.left);       preOrderHelper(node.right);     }   }    // Inorder   private void inOrderHelper(Node node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       inOrderHelper(node.left);       System.out.print(node.data + " ");       inOrderHelper(node.right);     }   }    // Post order   private void postOrderHelper(Node node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       postOrderHelper(node.left);       postOrderHelper(node.right);       System.out.print(node.data + " ");     }   }    // Search the tree   private Node searchTreeHelper(Node node, int key) {     if (node == TNULL || key == node.data) {       return node;     }      if (key < node.data) {       return searchTreeHelper(node.left, key);     }     return searchTreeHelper(node.right, key);   }    // Balance the tree after deletion of a node   private void fixDelete(Node x) {     Node s;     while (x != root && x.color == 0) {       if (x == x.parent.left) {         s = x.parent.right;         if (s.color == 1) {           s.color = 0;           x.parent.color = 1;           leftRotate(x.parent);           s = x.parent.right;         }          if (s.left.color == 0 && s.right.color == 0) {           s.color = 1;           x = x.parent;         } else {           if (s.right.color == 0) {             s.left.color = 0;             s.color = 1;             rightRotate(s);             s = x.parent.right;           }            s.color = x.parent.color;           x.parent.color = 0;           s.right.color = 0;           leftRotate(x.parent);           x = root;         }       } else {         s = x.parent.left;         if (s.color == 1) {           s.color = 0;           x.parent.color = 1;           rightRotate(x.parent);           s = x.parent.left;         }          if (s.right.color == 0 && s.right.color == 0) {           s.color = 1;           x = x.parent;         } else {           if (s.left.color == 0) {             s.right.color = 0;             s.color = 1;             leftRotate(s);             s = x.parent.left;           }            s.color = x.parent.color;           x.parent.color = 0;           s.left.color = 0;           rightRotate(x.parent);           x = root;         }       }     }     x.color = 0;   }    private void rbTransplant(Node u, Node v) {     if (u.parent == null) {       root = v;     } else if (u == u.parent.left) {       u.parent.left = v;     } else {       u.parent.right = v;     }     v.parent = u.parent;   }    private void deleteNodeHelper(Node node, int key) {     Node z = TNULL;     Node x, y;     while (node != TNULL) {       if (node.data == key) {         z = node;       }        if (node.data <= key) {         node = node.right;       } else {         node = node.left;       }     }      if (z == TNULL) {       System.out.println("Couldn't find key in the tree");       return;     }      y = z;     int yOriginalColor = y.color;     if (z.left == TNULL) {       x = z.right;       rbTransplant(z, z.right);     } else if (z.right == TNULL) {       x = z.left;       rbTransplant(z, z.left);     } else {       y = minimum(z.right);       yOriginalColor = y.color;       x = y.right;       if (y.parent == z) {         x.parent = y;       } else {         rbTransplant(y, y.right);         y.right = z.right;         y.right.parent = y;       }        rbTransplant(z, y);       y.left = z.left;       y.left.parent = y;       y.color = z.color;     }     if (yOriginalColor == 0) {       fixDelete(x);     }   }    // Balance the node after insertion   private void fixInsert(Node k) {     Node u;     while (k.parent.color == 1) {       if (k.parent == k.parent.parent.right) {         u = k.parent.parent.left;         if (u.color == 1) {           u.color = 0;           k.parent.color = 0;           k.parent.parent.color = 1;           k = k.parent.parent;         } else {           if (k == k.parent.left) {             k = k.parent;             rightRotate(k);           }           k.parent.color = 0;           k.parent.parent.color = 1;           leftRotate(k.parent.parent);         }       } else {         u = k.parent.parent.right;          if (u.color == 1) {           u.color = 0;           k.parent.color = 0;           k.parent.parent.color = 1;           k = k.parent.parent;         } else {           if (k == k.parent.right) {             k = k.parent;             leftRotate(k);           }           k.parent.color = 0;           k.parent.parent.color = 1;           rightRotate(k.parent.parent);         }       }       if (k == root) {         break;       }     }     root.color = 0;   }    private void printHelper(Node root, String indent, boolean last) {     if (root != TNULL) {       System.out.print(indent);       if (last) {         System.out.print("R----");         indent += "   ";       } else {         System.out.print("L----");         indent += "|  ";       }        String sColor = root.color == 1 ? "RED" : "BLACK";       System.out.println(root.data + "(" + sColor + ")");       printHelper(root.left, indent, false);       printHelper(root.right, indent, true);     }   }    public RedBlackTree() {     TNULL = new Node();     TNULL.color = 0;     TNULL.left = null;     TNULL.right = null;     root = TNULL;   }    public void preorder() {     preOrderHelper(this.root);   }    public void inorder() {     inOrderHelper(this.root);   }    public void postorder() {     postOrderHelper(this.root);   }    public Node searchTree(int k) {     return searchTreeHelper(this.root, k);   }    public Node minimum(Node node) {     while (node.left != TNULL) {       node = node.left;     }     return node;   }    public Node maximum(Node node) {     while (node.right != TNULL) {       node = node.right;     }     return node;   }    public Node successor(Node x) {     if (x.right != TNULL) {       return minimum(x.right);     }      Node y = x.parent;     while (y != TNULL && x == y.right) {       x = y;       y = y.parent;     }     return y;   }    public Node predecessor(Node x) {     if (x.left != TNULL) {       return maximum(x.left);     }      Node y = x.parent;     while (y != TNULL && x == y.left) {       x = y;       y = y.parent;     }      return y;   }    public void leftRotate(Node x) {     Node y = x.right;     x.right = y.left;     if (y.left != TNULL) {       y.left.parent = x;     }     y.parent = x.parent;     if (x.parent == null) {       this.root = y;     } else if (x == x.parent.left) {       x.parent.left = y;     } else {       x.parent.right = y;     }     y.left = x;     x.parent = y;   }    public void rightRotate(Node x) {     Node y = x.left;     x.left = y.right;     if (y.right != TNULL) {       y.right.parent = x;     }     y.parent = x.parent;     if (x.parent == null) {       this.root = y;     } else if (x == x.parent.right) {       x.parent.right = y;     } else {       x.parent.left = y;     }     y.right = x;     x.parent = y;   }    public void insert(int key) {     Node node = new Node();     node.parent = null;     node.data = key;     node.left = TNULL;     node.right = TNULL;     node.color = 1;      Node y = null;     Node x = this.root;      while (x != TNULL) {       y = x;       if (node.data < x.data) {         x = x.left;       } else {         x = x.right;       }     }      node.parent = y;     if (y == null) {       root = node;     } else if (node.data < y.data) {       y.left = node;     } else {       y.right = node;     }      if (node.parent == null) {       node.color = 0;       return;     }      if (node.parent.parent == null) {       return;     }      fixInsert(node);   }    public Node getRoot() {     return this.root;   }    public void deleteNode(int data) {     deleteNodeHelper(this.root, data);   }    public void printTree() {     printHelper(this.root, "", true);   }    public static void main(String[] args) {     RedBlackTree bst = new RedBlackTree();     bst.insert(55);     bst.insert(40);     bst.insert(65);     bst.insert(60);     bst.insert(75);     bst.insert(57);     bst.printTree();      System.out.println("\nAfter deleting:");     bst.deleteNode(40);     bst.printTree();   } }            
              // Implementing Red-Black Tree in C  #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h>  enum nodeColor {   RED,   BLACK };  struct rbNode {   int data, color;   struct rbNode *link[2]; };  struct rbNode *root = NULL;  // Create a red-black tree struct rbNode *createNode(int data) {   struct rbNode *newnode;   newnode = (struct rbNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct rbNode));   newnode->data = data;   newnode->color = RED;   newnode->link[0] = newnode->link[1] = NULL;   return newnode; }  // Insert an node void insertion(int data) {   struct rbNode *stack[98], *ptr, *newnode, *xPtr, *yPtr;   int dir[98], ht = 0, index;   ptr = root;   if (!root) {     root = createNode(data);     return;   }    stack[ht] = root;   dir[ht++] = 0;   while (ptr != NULL) {     if (ptr->data == data) {       printf("Duplicates Not Allowed!!\n");       return;     }     index = (data - ptr->data) > 0 ? 1 : 0;     stack[ht] = ptr;     ptr = ptr->link[index];     dir[ht++] = index;   }   stack[ht - 1]->link[index] = newnode = createNode(data);   while ((ht >= 3) && (stack[ht - 1]->color == RED)) {     if (dir[ht - 2] == 0) {       yPtr = stack[ht - 2]->link[1];       if (yPtr != NULL && yPtr->color == RED) {         stack[ht - 2]->color = RED;         stack[ht - 1]->color = yPtr->color = BLACK;         ht = ht - 2;       } else {         if (dir[ht - 1] == 0) {           yPtr = stack[ht - 1];         } else {           xPtr = stack[ht - 1];           yPtr = xPtr->link[1];           xPtr->link[1] = yPtr->link[0];           yPtr->link[0] = xPtr;           stack[ht - 2]->link[0] = yPtr;         }         xPtr = stack[ht - 2];         xPtr->color = RED;         yPtr->color = BLACK;         xPtr->link[0] = yPtr->link[1];         yPtr->link[1] = xPtr;         if (xPtr == root) {           root = yPtr;         } else {           stack[ht - 3]->link[dir[ht - 3]] = yPtr;         }         break;       }     } else {       yPtr = stack[ht - 2]->link[0];       if ((yPtr != NULL) && (yPtr->color == RED)) {         stack[ht - 2]->color = RED;         stack[ht - 1]->color = yPtr->color = BLACK;         ht = ht - 2;       } else {         if (dir[ht - 1] == 1) {           yPtr = stack[ht - 1];         } else {           xPtr = stack[ht - 1];           yPtr = xPtr->link[0];           xPtr->link[0] = yPtr->link[1];           yPtr->link[1] = xPtr;           stack[ht - 2]->link[1] = yPtr;         }         xPtr = stack[ht - 2];         yPtr->color = BLACK;         xPtr->color = RED;         xPtr->link[1] = yPtr->link[0];         yPtr->link[0] = xPtr;         if (xPtr == root) {           root = yPtr;         } else {           stack[ht - 3]->link[dir[ht - 3]] = yPtr;         }         break;       }     }   }   root->color = BLACK; }  // Delete a node void deletion(int data) {   struct rbNode *stack[98], *ptr, *xPtr, *yPtr;   struct rbNode *pPtr, *qPtr, *rPtr;   int dir[98], ht = 0, diff, i;   enum nodeColor color;    if (!root) {     printf("Tree not available\n");     return;   }    ptr = root;   while (ptr != NULL) {     if ((data - ptr->data) == 0)       break;     diff = (data - ptr->data) > 0 ? 1 : 0;     stack[ht] = ptr;     dir[ht++] = diff;     ptr = ptr->link[diff];   }    if (ptr->link[1] == NULL) {     if ((ptr == root) && (ptr->link[0] == NULL)) {       free(ptr);       root = NULL;     } else if (ptr == root) {       root = ptr->link[0];       free(ptr);     } else {       stack[ht - 1]->link[dir[ht - 1]] = ptr->link[0];     }   } else {     xPtr = ptr->link[1];     if (xPtr->link[0] == NULL) {       xPtr->link[0] = ptr->link[0];       color = xPtr->color;       xPtr->color = ptr->color;       ptr->color = color;        if (ptr == root) {         root = xPtr;       } else {         stack[ht - 1]->link[dir[ht - 1]] = xPtr;       }        dir[ht] = 1;       stack[ht++] = xPtr;     } else {       i = ht++;       while (1) {         dir[ht] = 0;         stack[ht++] = xPtr;         yPtr = xPtr->link[0];         if (!yPtr->link[0])           break;         xPtr = yPtr;       }        dir[i] = 1;       stack[i] = yPtr;       if (i > 0)         stack[i - 1]->link[dir[i - 1]] = yPtr;        yPtr->link[0] = ptr->link[0];        xPtr->link[0] = yPtr->link[1];       yPtr->link[1] = ptr->link[1];        if (ptr == root) {         root = yPtr;       }        color = yPtr->color;       yPtr->color = ptr->color;       ptr->color = color;     }   }    if (ht < 1)     return;    if (ptr->color == BLACK) {     while (1) {       pPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[dir[ht - 1]];       if (pPtr && pPtr->color == RED) {         pPtr->color = BLACK;         break;       }        if (ht < 2)         break;        if (dir[ht - 2] == 0) {         rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[1];          if (!rPtr)           break;          if (rPtr->color == RED) {           stack[ht - 1]->color = RED;           rPtr->color = BLACK;           stack[ht - 1]->link[1] = rPtr->link[0];           rPtr->link[0] = stack[ht - 1];            if (stack[ht - 1] == root) {             root = rPtr;           } else {             stack[ht - 2]->link[dir[ht - 2]] = rPtr;           }           dir[ht] = 0;           stack[ht] = stack[ht - 1];           stack[ht - 1] = rPtr;           ht++;            rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[1];         }          if ((!rPtr->link[0] || rPtr->link[0]->color == BLACK) &&           (!rPtr->link[1] || rPtr->link[1]->color == BLACK)) {           rPtr->color = RED;         } else {           if (!rPtr->link[1] || rPtr->link[1]->color == BLACK) {             qPtr = rPtr->link[0];             rPtr->color = RED;             qPtr->color = BLACK;             rPtr->link[0] = qPtr->link[1];             qPtr->link[1] = rPtr;             rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[1] = qPtr;           }           rPtr->color = stack[ht - 1]->color;           stack[ht - 1]->color = BLACK;           rPtr->link[1]->color = BLACK;           stack[ht - 1]->link[1] = rPtr->link[0];           rPtr->link[0] = stack[ht - 1];           if (stack[ht - 1] == root) {             root = rPtr;           } else {             stack[ht - 2]->link[dir[ht - 2]] = rPtr;           }           break;         }       } else {         rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[0];         if (!rPtr)           break;          if (rPtr->color == RED) {           stack[ht - 1]->color = RED;           rPtr->color = BLACK;           stack[ht - 1]->link[0] = rPtr->link[1];           rPtr->link[1] = stack[ht - 1];            if (stack[ht - 1] == root) {             root = rPtr;           } else {             stack[ht - 2]->link[dir[ht - 2]] = rPtr;           }           dir[ht] = 1;           stack[ht] = stack[ht - 1];           stack[ht - 1] = rPtr;           ht++;            rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[0];         }         if ((!rPtr->link[0] || rPtr->link[0]->color == BLACK) &&           (!rPtr->link[1] || rPtr->link[1]->color == BLACK)) {           rPtr->color = RED;         } else {           if (!rPtr->link[0] || rPtr->link[0]->color == BLACK) {             qPtr = rPtr->link[1];             rPtr->color = RED;             qPtr->color = BLACK;             rPtr->link[1] = qPtr->link[0];             qPtr->link[0] = rPtr;             rPtr = stack[ht - 1]->link[0] = qPtr;           }           rPtr->color = stack[ht - 1]->color;           stack[ht - 1]->color = BLACK;           rPtr->link[0]->color = BLACK;           stack[ht - 1]->link[0] = rPtr->link[1];           rPtr->link[1] = stack[ht - 1];           if (stack[ht - 1] == root) {             root = rPtr;           } else {             stack[ht - 2]->link[dir[ht - 2]] = rPtr;           }           break;         }       }       ht--;     }   } }  // Print the inorder traversal of the tree void inorderTraversal(struct rbNode *node) {   if (node) {     inorderTraversal(node->link[0]);     printf("%d  ", node->data);     inorderTraversal(node->link[1]);   }   return; }  // Driver code int main() {   int ch, data;   while (1) {     printf("1. Insertion\t2. Deletion\n");     printf("3. Traverse\t4. Exit");     printf("\nEnter your choice:");     scanf("%d", &ch);     switch (ch) {       case 1:         printf("Enter the element to insert:");         scanf("%d", &data);         insertion(data);         break;       case 2:         printf("Enter the element to delete:");         scanf("%d", &data);         deletion(data);         break;       case 3:         inorderTraversal(root);         printf("\n");         break;       case 4:         exit(0);       default:         printf("Not available\n");         break;     }     printf("\n");   }   return 0; }            
              // Implementing Red-Black Tree in C++  #include <iostream> using namespace std;  struct Node {   int data;   Node *parent;   Node *left;   Node *right;   int color; };  typedef Node *NodePtr;  class RedBlackTree {    private:   NodePtr root;   NodePtr TNULL;    void initializeNULLNode(NodePtr node, NodePtr parent) {     node->data = 0;     node->parent = parent;     node->left = nullptr;     node->right = nullptr;     node->color = 0;   }    // Preorder   void preOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       cout << node->data << " ";       preOrderHelper(node->left);       preOrderHelper(node->right);     }   }    // Inorder   void inOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       inOrderHelper(node->left);       cout << node->data << " ";       inOrderHelper(node->right);     }   }    // Post order   void postOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {     if (node != TNULL) {       postOrderHelper(node->left);       postOrderHelper(node->right);       cout << node->data << " ";     }   }    NodePtr searchTreeHelper(NodePtr node, int key) {     if (node == TNULL || key == node->data) {       return node;     }      if (key < node->data) {       return searchTreeHelper(node->left, key);     }     return searchTreeHelper(node->right, key);   }    // For balancing the tree after deletion   void deleteFix(NodePtr x) {     NodePtr s;     while (x != root && x->color == 0) {       if (x == x->parent->left) {         s = x->parent->right;         if (s->color == 1) {           s->color = 0;           x->parent->color = 1;           leftRotate(x->parent);           s = x->parent->right;         }          if (s->left->color == 0 && s->right->color == 0) {           s->color = 1;           x = x->parent;         } else {           if (s->right->color == 0) {             s->left->color = 0;             s->color = 1;             rightRotate(s);             s = x->parent->right;           }            s->color = x->parent->color;           x->parent->color = 0;           s->right->color = 0;           leftRotate(x->parent);           x = root;         }       } else {         s = x->parent->left;         if (s->color == 1) {           s->color = 0;           x->parent->color = 1;           rightRotate(x->parent);           s = x->parent->left;         }          if (s->right->color == 0 && s->right->color == 0) {           s->color = 1;           x = x->parent;         } else {           if (s->left->color == 0) {             s->right->color = 0;             s->color = 1;             leftRotate(s);             s = x->parent->left;           }            s->color = x->parent->color;           x->parent->color = 0;           s->left->color = 0;           rightRotate(x->parent);           x = root;         }       }     }     x->color = 0;   }    void rbTransplant(NodePtr u, NodePtr v) {     if (u->parent == nullptr) {       root = v;     } else if (u == u->parent->left) {       u->parent->left = v;     } else {       u->parent->right = v;     }     v->parent = u->parent;   }    void deleteNodeHelper(NodePtr node, int key) {     NodePtr z = TNULL;     NodePtr x, y;     while (node != TNULL) {       if (node->data == key) {         z = node;       }        if (node->data <= key) {         node = node->right;       } else {         node = node->left;       }     }      if (z == TNULL) {       cout << "Key not found in the tree" << endl;       return;     }      y = z;     int y_original_color = y->color;     if (z->left == TNULL) {       x = z->right;       rbTransplant(z, z->right);     } else if (z->right == TNULL) {       x = z->left;       rbTransplant(z, z->left);     } else {       y = minimum(z->right);       y_original_color = y->color;       x = y->right;       if (y->parent == z) {         x->parent = y;       } else {         rbTransplant(y, y->right);         y->right = z->right;         y->right->parent = y;       }        rbTransplant(z, y);       y->left = z->left;       y->left->parent = y;       y->color = z->color;     }     delete z;     if (y_original_color == 0) {       deleteFix(x);     }   }    // For balancing the tree after insertion   void insertFix(NodePtr k) {     NodePtr u;     while (k->parent->color == 1) {       if (k->parent == k->parent->parent->right) {         u = k->parent->parent->left;         if (u->color == 1) {           u->color = 0;           k->parent->color = 0;           k->parent->parent->color = 1;           k = k->parent->parent;         } else {           if (k == k->parent->left) {             k = k->parent;             rightRotate(k);           }           k->parent->color = 0;           k->parent->parent->color = 1;           leftRotate(k->parent->parent);         }       } else {         u = k->parent->parent->right;          if (u->color == 1) {           u->color = 0;           k->parent->color = 0;           k->parent->parent->color = 1;           k = k->parent->parent;         } else {           if (k == k->parent->right) {             k = k->parent;             leftRotate(k);           }           k->parent->color = 0;           k->parent->parent->color = 1;           rightRotate(k->parent->parent);         }       }       if (k == root) {         break;       }     }     root->color = 0;   }    void printHelper(NodePtr root, string indent, bool last) {     if (root != TNULL) {       cout << indent;       if (last) {         cout << "R----";         indent += "   ";       } else {         cout << "L----";         indent += "|  ";       }        string sColor = root->color ? "RED" : "BLACK";       cout << root->data << "(" << sColor << ")" << endl;       printHelper(root->left, indent, false);       printHelper(root->right, indent, true);     }   }     public:   RedBlackTree() {     TNULL = new Node;     TNULL->color = 0;     TNULL->left = nullptr;     TNULL->right = nullptr;     root = TNULL;   }    void preorder() {     preOrderHelper(this->root);   }    void inorder() {     inOrderHelper(this->root);   }    void postorder() {     postOrderHelper(this->root);   }    NodePtr searchTree(int k) {     return searchTreeHelper(this->root, k);   }    NodePtr minimum(NodePtr node) {     while (node->left != TNULL) {       node = node->left;     }     return node;   }    NodePtr maximum(NodePtr node) {     while (node->right != TNULL) {       node = node->right;     }     return node;   }    NodePtr successor(NodePtr x) {     if (x->right != TNULL) {       return minimum(x->right);     }      NodePtr y = x->parent;     while (y != TNULL && x == y->right) {       x = y;       y = y->parent;     }     return y;   }    NodePtr predecessor(NodePtr x) {     if (x->left != TNULL) {       return maximum(x->left);     }      NodePtr y = x->parent;     while (y != TNULL && x == y->left) {       x = y;       y = y->parent;     }      return y;   }    void leftRotate(NodePtr x) {     NodePtr y = x->right;     x->right = y->left;     if (y->left != TNULL) {       y->left->parent = x;     }     y->parent = x->parent;     if (x->parent == nullptr) {       this->root = y;     } else if (x == x->parent->left) {       x->parent->left = y;     } else {       x->parent->right = y;     }     y->left = x;     x->parent = y;   }    void rightRotate(NodePtr x) {     NodePtr y = x->left;     x->left = y->right;     if (y->right != TNULL) {       y->right->parent = x;     }     y->parent = x->parent;     if (x->parent == nullptr) {       this->root = y;     } else if (x == x->parent->right) {       x->parent->right = y;     } else {       x->parent->left = y;     }     y->right = x;     x->parent = y;   }    // Inserting a node   void insert(int key) {     NodePtr node = new Node;     node->parent = nullptr;     node->data = key;     node->left = TNULL;     node->right = TNULL;     node->color = 1;      NodePtr y = nullptr;     NodePtr x = this->root;      while (x != TNULL) {       y = x;       if (node->data < x->data) {         x = x->left;       } else {         x = x->right;       }     }      node->parent = y;     if (y == nullptr) {       root = node;     } else if (node->data < y->data) {       y->left = node;     } else {       y->right = node;     }      if (node->parent == nullptr) {       node->color = 0;       return;     }      if (node->parent->parent == nullptr) {       return;     }      insertFix(node);   }    NodePtr getRoot() {     return this->root;   }    void deleteNode(int data) {     deleteNodeHelper(this->root, data);   }    void printTree() {     if (root) {       printHelper(this->root, "", true);     }   } };  int main() {   RedBlackTree bst;   bst.insert(55);   bst.insert(40);   bst.insert(65);   bst.insert(60);   bst.insert(75);   bst.insert(57);    bst.printTree();   cout << endl      << "After deleting" << endl;   bst.deleteNode(40);   bst.printTree(); }

Red-Black Tree Applications

  1. To implement finite maps
  2. To implement Java packages: java.util.TreeMap and java.util.TreeSet
  3. To implement Standard Template Libraries (STL) in C++: multiset, map, multimap
  4. In Linux Kernel

murphyuppound.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.programiz.com/dsa/red-black-tree

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